Positive Peace is defined as the attitudes, institutions and structures that create and sustain peaceful societies. It provides a framework to understand and then address the multiple and complex challenges the world faces. Positive Peace is transformational in that it is a cross-cutting factor for progress, making it easier for businesses to ...Pax Romana. The Pax Romana ( Latin for "Roman peace") is a roughly 200-year-long timespan of Roman history which is identified as a period and golden age of increased and sustained Roman imperialism, relative peace and order, prosperous stability, hegemonial power, and regional expansion. This is despite several revolts and wars, and continuing ... The Meaning of Peace. In English, the word "peace" conjures up a passive picture, one showing an absence of civil disturbance or hostilities, or a personality free from internal and external strife. The biblical concept of peace is larger than that and rests heavily on the Hebrew root slm, which means "to be complete" or "to be sound." The paper examines ontological presuppositions and epistemological branches of Peace and Conflict Studies. It describes the narrower use of the concepts ‗ontology‘ and ‗epistemology‘ as sub-branch and branch of philosophy respectively and later focus on their meanings in the context of particular areas of inquiry. Peace Education. PEACE EDUCATION: A Transformative Response to Major Societal Challenges 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you should be able to: 1.Define the concept of peace in a holistic way; 2.Explain the contribution or importance of peace education in the quest for positive social changes or transformation; 3.Identify and explain the key themes of peace education. 3The Concept of Peace 1.1. Positive Peace and Negative Peace Peace is defined as ‘a political condition that ensures justice and social stability through formal and informal institutions, practices and norms’ Miller and King (2003). Peace is not just the absence of violence, it is much more. Peace is best understood through the concepts of ...May 1, 2008 · 5. This paper does not claim to cover or explain IR theory comprehensively — it is already perhaps over ambitious — or to move beyond its western corpus (as it probably should) but it endeavours to be particularly sensitive to the claims of IR theory about the pros and cons of even having a debate about peace. 6. 6. The same factors that create lasting peace also lead to many other positive outcomes that societies aspire to, including: thriving economies. better performance on ecological measures. high levels ...The concept of peace is more clearly understood in comparison with the concept of violence. Direct violence, the popularly understood meaning of violence, is referred to physical injuries and the infliction of pain that is caused by a specific person. Structural violence is apparent in social systems maintained by exploitative means throughout ... The two most significant institutions that influence children’s concept of love and hate are family and school. The constructive relationship among students can be enhanced by a co-operative learning environment, conflict resolution techniques, and dispute management cells in schools that would help them to live in a peaceful world [14].Hisham Soliman 'Toward an Islamic Concept of Peace' in "The Potential for Peacebuilding in Islam"Volume 2. Issue 2, Spring 2009 A Study of World's Major Religions" Goodword BooksJun 1, 2017 · Hisham Soliman 'Toward an Islamic Concept of Peace' in "The Potential for Peacebuilding in Islam"Volume 2. Issue 2, Spring 2009 A Study of World's Major Religions" Goodword Books The significance of the reconciliation among the divided and combatant groups has been stressed in the Yodhajiva story of Samyuttanikaya. 13 The Concept of Global Peace: In ancient Indian period, it has been revealed that in post veidic period, the Aryans has vogue so kind of yajna in name of heaven where hundreds of cows and other animals were ...Peacebuilding is an activity that aims to resolve injustice in nonviolent ways and to transform the cultural and structural conditions that generate deadly or destructive conflict. It revolves around developing constructive personal, group, and political relationships across ethnic, religious, class, national, and racial boundaries. ABSTRACT. This article explores the African religious, cultural and philosophical dimensions of peace, conflict and conflict transformation. It seeks to examine African traditional religious and philosophical ideas as resources for the promotion of peace and justice and their implications for intra-state and inter-state conflict resolution activities.Peace Education is being considered to be both a philosophy and a process involving multiple skills including conflict resolution and cooperation, holding patience, calm listening, problem solving ...Jan 1, 2018 · Peace Education is being considered to be both a philosophy and a process involving multiple skills including conflict resolution and cooperation, holding patience, calm listening, problem solving ... Apr 23, 2021 · The same factors that create lasting peace also lead to many other positive outcomes that societies aspire to, including: thriving economies. better performance on ecological measures. high levels ... 4. The concept of peace in the Gadaa system. Peace in the Gadaa system is entirely different from the concept of peace in modern democracy and politics. The concept of peace in the Oromo people context is beyond human wellbeing (Guyo, Citation 2009). This notion is embedded in the Oromo worldview that peace is not complete unless a harmonious ...Speaking at the International Conference to promote resolution of the conflict in the Basque Country, co-sponsored by Conciliation Resources. Peacebuilding is a long-term process of encouraging people to talk, repairing relationships, and reforming institutions. For positive change to last, everyone affected by a destructive conflict has to be ... 1. Introduction 2. Summary of the Dialogue 3. Overall Interpretations of the Theaetetus 4. The Introduction to the Dialogue: 142a–145e 5. Definition by Examples: 146a–151d 6. First Definition (D1): “Knowledge is Perception”: 151e–187a 6.1 The Definition of Knowledge as Perception: 151d–econcept of peace. To overcome this limitation Ibeanu (2006) thus defined peace as a “process . involving activities that are directly or indirectly linked to increasing development and redu cing .Yet there are aspects of Plato’s work, based upon the teaching of Socrates, which may constitute such a source. Within his major work Politeia (Republic), Plato focuses on what makes for justice, an important element in any broad concept of peace. Plato, in effect, presents a peace plan based upon his city-state.Hisham Soliman 'Toward an Islamic Concept of Peace' in "The Potential for Peacebuilding in Islam"Volume 2. Issue 2, Spring 2009 A Study of World's Major Religions" Goodword BooksQuestion 1: What is the importance of peace? Answer 1: Peace is the way that helps us prevent inequity and violence. It is no less than a golden ticket to enter a new and bright future for mankind. Moreover, everyone plays an essential role in this so that everybody can get a more equal and peaceful world. Abstract. This article examines the concept of peace from the perspective of the Bible and the Qur'an, in this respect, the researchers see some similarities and diversities instead of from ...Speaking at the International Conference to promote resolution of the conflict in the Basque Country, co-sponsored by Conciliation Resources. Peacebuilding is a long-term process of encouraging people to talk, repairing relationships, and reforming institutions. For positive change to last, everyone affected by a destructive conflict has to be ... The two most significant institutions that influence children’s concept of love and hate are family and school. The constructive relationship among students can be enhanced by a co-operative learning environment, conflict resolution techniques, and dispute management cells in schools that would help them to live in a peaceful world [14].The ideal of peace therefore suffuses the religious concepts in the Qur’an. The revelation and the night on which it came down are peace. Peace is the pinnacle of the Muslim paradise. God is peace. While these verses treat spiritual ideals, they do have implications for the Qur’an’s view of proper human behavior.Peace education is the process of acquiring values, knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviors to live in harmony with oneself, others, and the natural environment . There are numerous United Nations declarations and resolutions on the importance of peace. [1]The same factors that create lasting peace also lead to many other positive outcomes that societies aspire to, including: thriving economies. better performance on ecological measures. high levels ...Jan 1, 2016 · In analyzing the concept of peace, Galtung has mentioned three principles: peace is the social goal which should be agreed by the common people; the social goal is difficult, but it is not impossible to attain; and the last principle is the absence of all kinds of violence (Galtung 1969, p. 167). The core meaning of these principles is the ... Peacebuilding is an activity that aims to resolve injustice in nonviolent ways and to transform the cultural and structural conditions that generate deadly or destructive conflict. It revolves around developing constructive personal, group, and political relationships across ethnic, religious, class, national, and racial boundaries. Abstract. This article develops a theory of peace as freedom that explains some important relationships between peace and development. It does this by critically examining and then synthesizing ...Peace is a popular word a variety of people use in various ways. One everyday use is to represent the absence of war or conflict. For example, when warring countries sign a treaty and are at peace, or when quarreling friends make up and are at peace with each other. Peace also refers to rest. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines peace as ...Abstract. Peace: A Very Short Introduction explores the evolution of peace in practice and in theory, exploring modern assumptions about peace and the different interpretations of its application. The concept of peace has always attracted radical thought, action, and practices. A term that has been taken to mean merely an absence of overt ...Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind.Much has been written about the concept of the “liberal peace” that was used as a model for peacebuilding in the 1990s. The advocates of this approach were the western countries who saw themselves as the winners of the Cold War. The western liberal democracies, their civil societies, and the international institutions in A dichotomous negative and positive peace framework is perhaps the most widely used today. Negative peace refers to the absence of direct violence. Positive peace refers to the absence of indirect and structural violence, and is the concept that most peace and conflict researchers adopt. The basic distinction between positive and negative peace ...Democratic peace theory. French President Charles de Gaulle shaking hands with West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in Bonn, in 1963. Proponents of "democratic peace theory" argue that both liberal and republican forms of democracy are hesitant to engage in armed conflict with other identified democracies. Different advocates of this theory ...Jan 1, 2016 · In analyzing the concept of peace, Galtung has mentioned three principles: peace is the social goal which should be agreed by the common people; the social goal is difficult, but it is not impossible to attain; and the last principle is the absence of all kinds of violence (Galtung 1969, p. 167). The core meaning of these principles is the ... Jan 1, 2019 · Diverse views have been expressed on this concept depending on the ecology observed by writers and scholars. However, a ubiquitous element could be drawn that peacemaking would only subsist when ... The concept of peace is more clearly understood in comparison with the concept of violence. Direct violence, the popularly understood meaning of violence, is referred to physical injuries and the infliction of pain that is caused by a specific person. Structural violence is apparent in social systems maintained by exploitative means throughout ...The concept of democratic peace must be distinguished from the claim that democracies are in general more peaceful than nondemocratic countries. Whereas the latter claim is controversial, the claim that democratic states do not fight each other is widely regarded as true by scholars and practitioners of international relations. The concept of democratic peace must be distinguished from the claim that democracies are in general more peaceful than nondemocratic countries. Whereas the latter claim is controversial, the claim that democratic states do not fight each other is widely regarded as true by scholars and practitioners of international relations.-The concept of suffering plays a major role in peacemaking criminology. The theory draws from Tibetan Buddhist master Rinpoche Kalu's principles to determine the causes of human suffering. According to the master, suffering is a result of six emotions: desire, anger, greed, jealousy, pride, and ignorance. Oct 11, 2021 · Peace has several pillars of meaning in the Arabic context. Language-wise, the word for peace in Arabic is Salam. Definition-wise, it would be very different from one person to another, but mainly peace is coming with good intentions, peace is the lack of violence, peace is the lack of wars. So, it’s a very big word. Dec 17, 2022 · "The biblical concept of peace… rests heavily on the Hebrew root "sh-l-m", which means to be complete or to be sound. The verb conveys both a dynamic and a static meaning—to be complete or whole or to live well. The noun had many nuances, but can be grouped into four categories: (1) shalom as wholeness of life or body (i.e., health); The Concept of Peace 1.1. Positive Peace and Negative Peace Peace is defined as ‘a political condition that ensures justice and social stability through formal and informal institutions, practices and norms’ Miller and King (2003). Peace is not just the absence of violence, it is much more. Peace is best understood through the concepts of ...Question 1: What is the importance of peace? Answer 1: Peace is the way that helps us prevent inequity and violence. It is no less than a golden ticket to enter a new and bright future for mankind. Moreover, everyone plays an essential role in this so that everybody can get a more equal and peaceful world. The same factors that create lasting peace also lead to many other positive outcomes that societies aspire to, including: thriving economies. better performance on ecological measures. high levels ...The concept of democratic peace must be distinguished from the claim that democracies are in general more peaceful than nondemocratic countries. Whereas the latter claim is controversial, the claim that democratic states do not fight each other is widely regarded as true by scholars and practitioners of international relations. A dichotomous negative and positive peace framework is perhaps the most widely used today. Negative peace refers to the absence of direct violence. Positive peace refers to the absence of indirect and structural violence, and is the concept that most peace and conflict researchers adopt. The basic distinction between positive and negative peace ... The two most significant institutions that influence children’s concept of love and hate are family and school. The constructive relationship among students can be enhanced by a co-operative learning environment, conflict resolution techniques, and dispute management cells in schools that would help them to live in a peaceful world [14].3.2 CONCEPTS AND UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES Table 3.1 presents concepts of peace, loosely organized according to whether the concept is integrated within a cultural-religious system, or a secular, cross-cultural concept (which is empirical, abstract, or normative). 6 Not all concepts of peace or variations of those shown can be tabled, 7 but I believe the major ones are included. 8 The significance of the reconciliation among the divided and combatant groups has been stressed in the Yodhajiva story of Samyuttanikaya. 13 The Concept of Global Peace: In ancient Indian period, it has been revealed that in post veidic period, the Aryans has vogue so kind of yajna in name of heaven where hundreds of cows and other animals were ...Nov 27, 2014 · Abstract. Peace: A Very Short Introduction explores the evolution of peace in practice and in theory, exploring modern assumptions about peace and the different interpretations of its application. The concept of peace has always attracted radical thought, action, and practices. A term that has been taken to mean merely an absence of overt ... The quest to define peace as a concept and set of values is as old as recorded history. The concept of peace was first introduced into academic literature by the Norwegian pioneer of peace research Johan Galtung, who distinguished between two types of peace: positive peace and negative peace.Of course, shalom also denotes the opposite of war, as in “a time for war, and a time for peace” (Ecclesiastes 3:8), for the absence of war, too, suggests an orderly, prosperous, and tranquil state of affairs.According to the Bible, the peace of God, “which transcends all understanding,” is the harmony and calmness of body, mind, and spirit that supersedes earthly circumstances. Nearly all of the letters of Paul start with the phrase “ Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.”. Throughout scripture, we find that ...Peace has several pillars of meaning in the Arabic context. Language-wise, the word for peace in Arabic is Salam. Definition-wise, it would be very different from one person to another, but mainly peace is coming with good intentions, peace is the lack of violence, peace is the lack of wars. So, it’s a very big word.Overview. Perseus, son of Zeus and the Argive princess Danae, was a Greek hero and king connected with the Argolid. Perseus’ numerous exploits included beheading Medusa, saving the princess Andromeda, and founding the city of Mycenae and the Perseid dynasty. Banished from Argos before he was born (due to an ominous prophecy), Perseus grew up ...May 7, 2005 · 1. Introduction 2. Summary of the Dialogue 3. Overall Interpretations of the Theaetetus 4. The Introduction to the Dialogue: 142a–145e 5. Definition by Examples: 146a–151d 6. First Definition (D1): “Knowledge is Perception”: 151e–187a 6.1 The Definition of Knowledge as Perception: 151d–e The best known myth recounts her fateful encounter with the Greek hero Perseus. A dishonorable king demanded that he bring him an impossible gift: the head of Medusa. Perseus set out with the aid of the gods, who provided him with divine tools.A concept closely related to peace and violence is human security, which recognises the interrelation between violence and deprivation of all kinds. It concerns the protection of individuals and communities from both the direct threat of physical violence and the indirect threats that result from poverty and other forms of social, economic or ...Peace Education. PEACE EDUCATION: A Transformative Response to Major Societal Challenges 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you should be able to: 1.Define the concept of peace in a holistic way; 2.Explain the contribution or importance of peace education in the quest for positive social changes or transformation; 3.Identify and explain the key themes of peace education. 3The Concept of Peace 1.1. Positive Peace and Negative Peace Peace is defined as ‘a political condition that ensures justice and social stability through formal and informal institutions, practices and norms’ Miller and King (2003). Peace is not just the absence of violence, it is much more. Peace is best understood through the concepts of ... Of course, shalom also denotes the opposite of war, as in “a time for war, and a time for peace” (Ecclesiastes 3:8), for the absence of war, too, suggests an orderly, prosperous, and tranquil state of affairs.This secondary data base research, elucidates the concept of peace and ways to attain peace in a violence based world. Discover the world's research. 25+ million members;The Gada system is an indigenous institution that pervades every aspect of an Oromo life including personal, interpersonal, social, economic and political life. The Oromo concept of peace is comprehensive and broader than western conception of absence of violence. It covers both negative and positive peace, intra-personal peace, interpersonal ... Of course, shalom also denotes the opposite of war, as in “a time for war, and a time for peace” (Ecclesiastes 3:8), for the absence of war, too, suggests an orderly, prosperous, and tranquil state of affairs.5. This paper does not claim to cover or explain IR theory comprehensively — it is already perhaps over ambitious — or to move beyond its western corpus (as it probably should) but it endeavours to be particularly sensitive to the claims of IR theory about the pros and cons of even having a debate about peace. 6. 6.The Meaning of Peace. In English, the word "peace" conjures up a passive picture, one showing an absence of civil disturbance or hostilities, or a personality free from internal and external strife. The biblical concept of peace is larger than that and rests heavily on the Hebrew root slm, which means "to be complete" or "to be sound." Concept of Peace Education: Peace education is the process of acquiring the values, the knowledge and developing the attitudes, skills, and behaviors to live in harmony with oneself, withRead on and spread the message: peace matters (more than ever). Why is peace so important today? Peace is the answer (and has always been) The importance of world peace. 1) Differences. 2) World development. 3) Education. Peace benefits in a country. No equity, no peace.The Gada system is an indigenous institution that pervades every aspect of an Oromo life including personal, interpersonal, social, economic and political life. The Oromo concept of peace is comprehensive and broader than western conception of absence of violence. It covers both negative and positive peace, intra-personal peace, interpersonal ... A deep irony underlies the concept of peace in these three great Western religious systems. Christianity, for example, gave rise to one of the great warrior traditions in the world, yet it is unique among Western religions in the degree to which it was founded upon a message of peace, love, and nonviolence.The concept of democratic peace must be distinguished from the claim that democracies are in general more peaceful than nondemocratic countries. Whereas the latter claim is controversial, the claim that democratic states do not fight each other is widely regarded as true by scholars and practitioners of international relations. May 7, 2005 · 1. Introduction 2. Summary of the Dialogue 3. Overall Interpretations of the Theaetetus 4. The Introduction to the Dialogue: 142a–145e 5. Definition by Examples: 146a–151d 6. First Definition (D1): “Knowledge is Perception”: 151e–187a 6.1 The Definition of Knowledge as Perception: 151d–e Jul 24, 2012 · Peace Education. PEACE EDUCATION: A Transformative Response to Major Societal Challenges 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you should be able to: 1.Define the concept of peace in a holistic way; 2.Explain the contribution or importance of peace education in the quest for positive social changes or transformation; 3.Identify and explain the key themes of peace education. 3 Peace education is the process of acquiring values, knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviors to live in harmony with oneself, others, and the natural environment . There are numerous United Nations declarations and resolutions on the importance of peace. [1]2 THE CONCEPT OF PEACE: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE 17 technologies to fight wars from faraway places.8 Indirect rule policies are now tools to foreign domineering powers, and the purpose for them is expressly to destabilize the African continent so that they remain in control when they are looked to for solutions to African problems.9This research focuses on Johan Galtung’s theory of the culture of peace. Based on his thoughts, the problems in this study are: 1). What is Johan Galtung's concept of a culture of peace? 2).
2 THE CONCEPT OF PEACE: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE 17 technologies to fight wars from faraway places.8 Indirect rule policies are now tools to foreign domineering powers, and the purpose for them is expressly to destabilize the African continent so that they remain in control when they are looked to for solutions to African problems.9 . Hefxoues
4. The concept of peace in the Gadaa system. Peace in the Gadaa system is entirely different from the concept of peace in modern democracy and politics. The concept of peace in the Oromo people context is beyond human wellbeing (Guyo, Citation 2009). This notion is embedded in the Oromo worldview that peace is not complete unless a harmonious ...Yet there are aspects of Plato’s work, based upon the teaching of Socrates, which may constitute such a source. Within his major work Politeia (Republic), Plato focuses on what makes for justice, an important element in any broad concept of peace. Plato, in effect, presents a peace plan based upon his city-state. The Concept of Peace 1.1. Positive Peace and Negative Peace Peace is defined as ‘a political condition that ensures justice and social stability through formal and informal institutions, practices and norms’ Miller and King (2003). Peace is not just the absence of violence, it is much more. Peace is best understood through the concepts of ... Western concepts of peace originate in 1) the Ancient Judaism concept of shalom, 2) the Greek concept of eirene, and 3) the Roman concept of pax. Here the most common elements are prosperity and order where order refers primarily to rule of law. The Easter concepts of peace emphasize order and tranquility of mind. Plato 's theory of soul, which was inspired by the teachings of Socrates, considered the psyche ( Ancient Greek: ψῡχή, romanized : psūkhḗ, lit. 'breath') to be the essence of a person, being that which decides how people behave. Plato considered this essence to be an incorporeal, eternal occupant of a person's being. 2.2.2 The Cooperation Principle . Cooperation depends on expectations aligned with power. Through conflict in a specific situation, a balance of powers and associated agreement are achieved. This balance is a definite equilibrium among the parties' interests, capabilities, and wills; the agreement is a simultaneous solution to the different equations of power, and thereby the achievement of a ...Much has been written about the concept of the “liberal peace” that was used as a model for peacebuilding in the 1990s. The advocates of this approach were the western countries who saw themselves as the winners of the Cold War. The western liberal democracies, their civil societies, and the international institutions inAbstract. This article develops a theory of peace as freedom that explains some important relationships between peace and development. It does this by critically examining and then synthesizing ...In Greek mythology, Perseus (US: / ˈ p ɜː r. s i. ə s /, UK: / ˈ p ɜː. sj uː s /; Greek: Περσεύς, translit. Perseús) is the legendary founder of the Perseid dynasty . He was, alongside Cadmus and Bellerophon , the greatest Greek hero and slayer of monsters before the days of Heracles . [1]Jul 3, 2023 · Overview. Perseus, son of Zeus and the Argive princess Danae, was a Greek hero and king connected with the Argolid. Perseus’ numerous exploits included beheading Medusa, saving the princess Andromeda, and founding the city of Mycenae and the Perseid dynasty. Banished from Argos before he was born (due to an ominous prophecy), Perseus grew up ... 2 THE CONCEPT OF PEACE: AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE 17 technologies to fight wars from faraway places.8 Indirect rule policies are now tools to foreign domineering powers, and the purpose for them is expressly to destabilize the African continent so that they remain in control when they are looked to for solutions to African problems.91.2 Understanding the Concept of Peace 1.2.1 Peace Traditions 1.2.2 Peace Movements 1.2.3 Peace-building 1.2.4 Peace-building Approaches 1.2.5 Conflict Transformation 1.3 State and Civil Society as Instruments of Peace 1.4 Gandhi as an Ambassador of Peace 1.4.1 Gandhi’s twin-principles of Peace: Truth and Non-violence 1.4.2 Truth 1.4.3 Non ... Positive peace. – defined by a more lasting peace that is built on sustainable investments in economic development and institutions as well as societal attitudes that foster peace. - can be used to gauge the resilience of a society, or its ability to absorb shocks without falling or relapsing into conflict. Positive Peace opposes what is ...This question appears to have been settled in favour of the liberal peace. This comprises a victor’s peace aimed at security, an institutional peace to provide international governance and guarantees, a constitutional peace to ensure democracy and free trade, and a civil peace to ensure freedom and rights. 2 Though the concept of peace is ... arms control. The concept of negative peace addresses immediate symptoms, the conditions of war, and the use and effects of force and weapons. Words and images that reveal the horror of war and its aftermath are often used by writers, artists, and citizen groups in their efforts to stop it. Table 01: Variation between negative and positive peaceOct 11, 2021 · Peace has several pillars of meaning in the Arabic context. Language-wise, the word for peace in Arabic is Salam. Definition-wise, it would be very different from one person to another, but mainly peace is coming with good intentions, peace is the lack of violence, peace is the lack of wars. So, it’s a very big word. It focuses on students learning the concepts of peace at the school level. These concepts can include conflict resolution, conflict transformation, and values of dialogue, tolerance, respect, and ...Jul 24, 2012 · Peace Education. PEACE EDUCATION: A Transformative Response to Major Societal Challenges 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you should be able to: 1.Define the concept of peace in a holistic way; 2.Explain the contribution or importance of peace education in the quest for positive social changes or transformation; 3.Identify and explain the key themes of peace education. 3 .